The DBMS must support organizational requirements to encrypt information stored in the database and information extracted or derived from the database and stored on digital media.

Overview

Finding ID	Version	Rule ID	IA Controls	Severity
V-61755	O121-C2-016400	SV-76245r2_rule		Medium

Description
When data is written to digital media, such as hard drives, mobile computers, external/removable hard drives, personal digital assistants, flash/thumb drives, etc., there is risk of data loss and/or compromise. An organizational assessment of risk guides the selection of media and associated information contained on that media requiring restricted access. Organizations need to document in policy and procedures the media requiring restricted access, individuals authorized to access the media, and the specific measures taken to restrict access. Fewer protection measures are needed for media containing information determined by the organization to be in the public domain, to be publicly releasable, or to have limited or no adverse impact if accessed by other than authorized personnel. In these situations, it is assumed the physical access controls where the media resides provide adequate protection. As part of a defense-in-depth strategy, the organization considers routinely encrypting information at rest on selected secondary storage devices. The decision whether to employ cryptography is the responsibility of the information owner/steward, who exercises discretion within the framework of applicable rules, policies, and law. The selection of the cryptographic mechanisms used is based upon maintaining the confidentiality and integrity of the information. The strength of mechanisms is commensurate with the classification and sensitivity of the information. Information at rest, when not encrypted, is open to compromise from attackers who have gained unauthorized access to the data files.

Description

When data is written to digital media, such as hard drives, mobile computers, external/removable hard drives, personal digital assistants, flash/thumb drives, etc., there is risk of data loss and/or compromise. An organizational assessment of risk guides the selection of media and associated information contained on that media requiring restricted access. Organizations need to document in policy and procedures the media requiring restricted access, individuals authorized to access the media, and the specific measures taken to restrict access. Fewer protection measures are needed for media containing information determined by the organization to be in the public domain, to be publicly releasable, or to have limited or no adverse impact if accessed by other than authorized personnel. In these situations, it is assumed the physical access controls where the media resides provide adequate protection. As part of a defense-in-depth strategy, the organization considers routinely encrypting information at rest on selected secondary storage devices. The decision whether to employ cryptography is the responsibility of the information owner/steward, who exercises discretion within the framework of applicable rules, policies, and law. The selection of the cryptographic mechanisms used is based upon maintaining the confidentiality and integrity of the information. The strength of mechanisms is commensurate with the classification and sensitivity of the information. Information at rest, when not encrypted, is open to compromise from attackers who have gained unauthorized access to the data files.

STIG	Date
Oracle Database 12c Security Technical Implementation Guide	2018-01-03

Details

Check Text ( C-62633r1_chk )
If encryption is not required for the database and data derived from it, this is not a finding. Review DBMS settings to determine whether data stored on the database is encrypted according to organizational requirements. If not, this is a finding. Check the following settings to see if FIPS 140-2 encryption is configured. If encryption is not configured, check with the DBA and SYSTEM Administrator to see if other mechanisms or third-party products are deployed to encrypt data stored in the database. To see if Oracle is configured for FIPS 140-2 Transparent Data Encryption and/or DBMS_CRYPTO, enter the following SQLPlus command: SHOW PARAMETER DBFIPS_140 or the following SQL query: SELECT FROM SYS.V$PARAMETER WHERE NAME = 'DBFIPS_140'; If Oracle returns the value 'FALSE', or returns no rows, this is a finding. To see if there are encrypted tablespaces enter the following SQLPlus command: SELECT FROM V$ENCRYPTED_TABLESPACES; If no rows are returned, then there are no encrypted tablespaces. To see if there are encrypted columns within existing tables, enter the following SQLPlus command: SELECT FROM DBA_ENCRYPTED_COLUMNS; If no rows are returned, then there are no encrypted columns within existing tables. Note: For the Solaris platform, when DBFIPS_140 is FALSE, TDE (but not DBMS_CRYPTO) can still operate in a FIPS 140-compliant manner if FIPS 140 operation is enabled for the Solaris Cryptographic Framework.

Check Text ( C-62633r1_chk )

If encryption is not required for the database and data derived from it, this is not a finding.

Review DBMS settings to determine whether data stored on the database is encrypted according to organizational requirements.

If not, this is a finding.

Check the following settings to see if FIPS 140-2 encryption is configured. If encryption is not configured, check with the DBA and SYSTEM Administrator to see if other mechanisms or third-party products are deployed to encrypt data stored in the database.

To see if Oracle is configured for FIPS 140-2 Transparent Data Encryption and/or DBMS_CRYPTO, enter the following SQL*Plus command:
SHOW PARAMETER DBFIPS_140
or the following SQL query:
SELECT * FROM SYS.V$PARAMETER WHERE NAME = 'DBFIPS_140';
If Oracle returns the value 'FALSE', or returns no rows, this is a finding.

To see if there are encrypted tablespaces enter the following SQL*Plus command:
SELECT * FROM V$ENCRYPTED_TABLESPACES;
If no rows are returned, then there are no encrypted tablespaces.

To see if there are encrypted columns within existing tables, enter the following SQL*Plus command:
SELECT * FROM DBA_ENCRYPTED_COLUMNS;
If no rows are returned, then there are no encrypted columns within existing tables.

Note: For the Solaris platform, when DBFIPS_140 is FALSE, TDE (but not DBMS_CRYPTO) can still operate
in a FIPS 140-compliant manner if FIPS 140 operation is enabled for the Solaris Cryptographic Framework.

Fix Text (F-67671r1_fix)
Configure cryptographic functions to use FIPS 140-2-compliant algorithms and hashing functions. Configure the DBMS and/or the OS to encrypt data at rest according to the requirements of the organization. The strength requirements are dependent upon data classification. For unclassified data, where cryptography is required: AES 128 for encryption SHA 256 for hashing NSA has established the suite B encryption requirements for protecting National Security Systems (NSS) as follows. AES 128 for Secret AES 256 for Top Secret SHA 256 for Secret SHA 384 for Top Secret National Security System is defined as: (OMB Circular A-130) Any telecommunications or information system operated by the United States Government, the function, operation, or use of which (1) involves intelligence activities; (2) involves cryptologic activities related to national security; (3) involves command and control of military forces; (4) involves equipment that is an integral part of a weapon or weapons system; or (5) is critical to the direct fulfillment of military or intelligence missions, but excluding any system that is to be used for routine administrative and business applications (including payroll, finance, logistics, and personnel management applications). There is more information on this topic in the Oracle Database 12c Advanced Security Administrator's Guide, which may be found at https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/DBSEG/E48135-11.pdf. (Note, however, that because of changes in Oracle's licensing policy, it is no longer necessary to purchase Oracle Advanced Security to use network encryption and advanced authentication.) FIPS 140-2 documentation can be downloaded from http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/PubsFIPS.html#140-2

Fix Text (F-67671r1_fix)

Configure cryptographic functions to use FIPS 140-2-compliant algorithms and hashing functions.

Configure the DBMS and/or the OS to encrypt data at rest according to the requirements of the organization.

The strength requirements are dependent upon data classification.

For unclassified data, where cryptography is required:
AES 128 for encryption
SHA 256 for hashing

NSA has established the suite B encryption requirements for protecting National Security Systems (NSS) as follows.
AES 128 for Secret
AES 256 for Top Secret
SHA 256 for Secret
SHA 384 for Top Secret

National Security System is defined as:
(OMB Circular A-130) Any telecommunications or information system operated by the United States Government, the function, operation, or use of which (1) involves intelligence activities; (2) involves cryptologic activities related to national security; (3) involves command and control of military forces; (4) involves equipment that is an integral part of a weapon or weapons system; or (5) is critical to the direct fulfillment of military or intelligence missions, but excluding any system that is to be used for routine administrative and business applications (including payroll, finance, logistics, and personnel management applications).

There is more information on this topic in the Oracle Database 12c Advanced Security Administrator's Guide, which may be found at https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/DBSEG/E48135-11.pdf. (Note, however, that because of changes in Oracle's licensing policy, it is no longer necessary to purchase Oracle Advanced Security to use network encryption and advanced authentication.)

FIPS 140-2 documentation can be downloaded from http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/PubsFIPS.html#140-2